14. Direct current in transmission, distribution and microgrid

Prąd stały w przesyle, rozdziale i mikrosiciach
 Jerzy Stanisław Zieliński
direct current, smart grid, microgrid, phasor measurement unit
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This paper presents a growing role of direct current in transmission, distribution and microgrid. DC networks crossing AC networks supports their operation and flexibility. The first part contains a list of different DC networks applications: starting from DC singular (islanded) operation to its collaboration with AC system. The second part presents a deep penetration of phasor measurement units in transmission - through distribution to microgrid. The conclusion shows the distance of the Central and Eastern European Countries from developed countries in electric power industry.